It is estimated that 72 to 96 million Indians suffer from rare genetic disorders. Most of these disorders are monogenic and occur due to loss-of-function mutations in the disease-causing gene. In addition, various cancers and metabolic disorders occur as a result of loss of protein function. For few genetic disorders and cancer, intravenous injection of therapeutic proteins is a standard and effective therapy.
However, the cost of therapeutic proteins or enzyme-replacement therapy remains prohibitively high for more than 90% of the global population. For India and other low- and middle-income countries, the cost of such therapies often exceeds the capacity of a family to afford them. Given the lack of cost-effective therapeutics for most rare genetic disorders, it is pertinent to invest our knowledge and resources to address the unmet needs of patients in the Indian context. Urgent focus areas include point of care production of therapeutics to reduce cost and/or innovation in R&D for a quick transition from lab to clinically treating RGD patients.
We are setting up therapeutic interventions against select rare genetic disorders using cutting-edge technology at TIGS, including repurposing small molecule drugs as well as mRNA-based therapeutics and stem cell-based therapies.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with an incidence of 1 in 6,000 to 1 in 10,000 live births in the U.S and about 1 in 3900 to 16,000 live births in Europe. Although the incidence of SMA in India is not determined, a carrier frequency of 1 in 38 has been reported from a study conducted in Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring states. Based on this report, and the prevalence of consanguineous marriages, the incidence of SMA in India is speculated to be higher than in USA and Europe.
Deleterious mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene causes a degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. SMN2 gene, an isoform of SMN1 gene is not able to complement the defect due to exclusion of exon 7 during splicing, resulting in truncated non-functional protein expression. Individuals heterozygous for missing or defective SMN1 gene do not exhibit any symptoms of the disease and can therefore act as carriers.
This project has been designed for the development of indigenous small molecule analogues of Evrysdi as oral therapy for SMA. We are working to identify analogues for the existing splicing modulators of SMN2 to bring down the cost of treatment. To validate the ability of the analogues to promote SMN2 splicing, a cellular assay involving luciferase activity and assessing an increase in full-length SMN by RT-PCR are being utilized.
Investigator: Vasanth Thamodaran
India has one of the highest occurrences of genetic disorders that affect adult β-haemoglobin production (β-thalassemia) or its functionality (sickle cell anaemia). In recent times, gene editing based strategies have been found to be a safe and effective alternative to lentivirus-based gene therapy. Gene editing for treating hemoglobinopathies either involves reactivating foetal haemoglobin expression or correcting the defective β-haemoglobin. Both these strategies have been found to be successful in clinical trials.
In the Indian context, CRISPR-Cas9 based gene editing approach to treat hemoglobinopathies has been well studied. However, the therapy can cost up to 2 million USD, making this life saving treatment less accessible.
We are working on different components in gene editing based gene therapy and indigenize the growth factor production that can cut down cost.
Investigator: Vasanth Thamodaran
Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive rare genetic disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:100000 in Indian population. The global prevalence ranges from 2 to 4 in 100000, with a carrier frequency of 1 in 100 to 1 in 60. It is an early adolescent onset ataxia with an average lifespan of 20-40 years and the death is usually due to cardiac hypertrophy.
Like other ataxias, the patients usually show symptoms like unsteady posture, frequent falling, impaired co-ordination of voluntary movements leading to difficulty in walking, muscle weakness, impaired lower limb reflexes, bladder dysfunction, difficulty in speech, irregular curvature of spine and foot deformities.
We aim to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the disorder Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA), upon understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis.
- Developing diagnostic assays for FRDA
- Identifying the therapeutic targets and developing therapeutic interventions for FRDA
Investigators: Shivranjani C Moharir
Collaborators
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru